Urology
Urology is the medical specialty that diagnoses and treats diseases of the urinary tract and the reproductive system. It focuses on the kidneys, urinary tract, bladder, prostate, and reproductive organs.Surgical treatment of the adrenal glands also falls within the scope of urology. Urology cares for both adult and pediatric patients. Common conditions seen in urologic practice include urinary tract obstruction, benign prostatic enlargement (BPH), erectile dysfunction, infertility, urinary incontinence, kidney and urinary tract stones, and cancers of the kidney, bladder, prostate, and testis (testicles). Other frequently treated problems include urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, and injuries to urologic organs.
In addition, several congenital conditions in boys are managed by urologists, including undescended testis (cryptorchidism), inguinal hernia, hydrocele (fluid around the testicle), and abnormal location of the urethral opening (hypospadias and epispadias). Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis), vesicoureteral reflux (urine flowing back from the bladder to the kidneys), disorders of the foreskin, and circumcision are also within the field of urology. Alongside open surgery, urology performs minimally invasive procedures using modern technologies such as endoscopy and laparoscopy.